Landscape ecologists often use virtual or imaginary landscapes to explore how landscapes can effect ecological processes. In a similar manner, procedural modelling algorithms are used in computer graphics for the creation of virtual or imaginary worlds used in movies and computer games. Perlin noise is a procedural modelling algorithm that could be very useful for landscape ecologists, and this work explains and translates Perlin noise for landscape ecologists.

In this work, we attempted to contrast three different modeling approaches to understand the population dynamics of immature bees, adult bees and the honey produced in the hive. From these three modeling approaches, we conclude that honey production is reduced due to the decrease in the total number of bees within the colony and due to an external stress factor, which could be climate variability, pesticides, parasites such as the Varroa mite, or habitat loss, among others.

Biocrusts in arid and semiarid regions interact with soil microbes and plants. The knowledge of the spatial scale of the interactions adds value to crusts' use for plant and soil restoration. Soil sampling was confined to an area with Erica spp. shrubs interspaced by crust cover (Cladonia rangiformis) or uncovered at different distances from the base of the shrubs towards the periphery. The community composition and the microbial networks showed response to spatial heterogeneity.