Articles | Volume 25, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/we-25-241-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/we-25-241-2025
Review article
 | 
12 Dec 2025
Review article |  | 12 Dec 2025

Soil nematode communities in extreme environments: adaptations, biogeography, and climate change responses

Han Chen, Tairan Zhang, and Wanyanhan Jiang

Cited articles

Araujo, A. S. F., De Medeiros, E. V., Da Costa, D. P., Pereira, A. P. D. A., and Mendes, L. W.: From desertification to restoration in the Brazilian semiarid region: Unveiling the potential of land restoration on soil microbial properties, J. Environ. Manage., 351, 119746, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119746, 2024. 
Barrett, J. E., Virginia, R. A., Wall, D. H., and Adams, B. J.: Decline in a dominant invertebrate species contributes to altered carbon cycling in a low-diversity soil ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1734–1744, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01611.x, 2008. 
Bertolani, R., Guidetti, R., Jönsson, I. K., Altiero, T., Boschini, D., and Rebecchi, L.: Experiences with dormancy in tardigrades, J. Limnol., 63, 16, https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2004.s1.16, 2004. 
Birrell, J. H., Shah, A. A., Hotaling, S., Giersch, J. J., Williamson, C. E., Jacobsen, D., and Woods, H. A.: Insects in high-elevation streams: Life in extreme environments imperiled by climate change, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 6667–6684, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15356, 2020. 
Bongers, T. and Bongers, M.: Functional diversity of nematodes, Appl. Soil Ecol., 10, 239–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00123-1, 1998. 
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Short summary
How do soil nematodes survive in Earth's harshest places? We synthesized global research from polar, alpine, and arid regions. We found they share common survival strategies, like suspending their metabolism, and rely on simple microbe-based food webs. Our review concludes that climate change impacts them mostly indirectly, by altering permafrost or vegetation. Understanding these sensitive organisms is vital for predicting the stability of nutrient cycling in Earth's most vulnerable ecosystems.
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