Bartomeus, I., Ascher, J. S., Wagner, D., Danforth, B. N., Colla, S., Kornbluth, S., and Winfree, R.: Climate-associated phenological advances in bee pollinators and bee-pollinated plants, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 20645–20649, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115559108, 2011.
Barton, B. T. and Ives, A. R.: Direct and indirect effects of warming on aphids, their predators, and ant mutualists, Ecology, 95, 1479–1484, https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1977.1, 2014.
Bascompte, J., Jordano, P., Melián, C. J., and Olesen, J. M.: The nested assembly of plant–animal mutualistic networks, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 9383–9387, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1633576100, 2003.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., and Walker, S: lme4: Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Eigen and S4, R package version 1.1-10, Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.lme4, 2015.
Biella, P., Bogliani, G., Cornalba, M., Manino, A., Neumayer, J., Porporato, M., Rasmont, P., and Milanesi, P.: Distribution patterns of the cold adapted bumblebee
Bombus alpinus in the Alps and hints of an uphill shift (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae), J. Insect Conserv., 21, 357–366, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-017-9983-1, 2017.
Biella, P., Akter, A., Ollerton, J., Tarrant, S., Janeček, Š., Jersáková, J., and Klecka, J.: Experimental loss of generalist plants reveals alterations in plant-pollinator interactions and a constrained flexibility of foraging, Scientific Reports, 9, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43553-4, 2019.
Bolker, B.: Getting started with the glmmTMB package, Cran, R-project vignette, 9, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2017-066, 2019.
Bowers, J. E. and McLaughlin, S. P.: Flora of the Huachuca Mountains, a botanically rich and historically significant sky island in Cochise County, Arizona, Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 29, 66–107,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40024176 (last access: 1 March 2023), 1996.
Brooks, M., Bolker, B., Kristensen, K., Maechler, M., Magnusson, A., and McGillycuddy, M.: Package 'glmmtmb', R Package Version 1.1.9, Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.glmmTMB, 2023.
Burkle, L. A. and Runyon, J. B.: Drought and leaf herbivory influence floral volatiles and pollinator attraction, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 1644–1654, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13149, 2016.
Burkle, L. A., Marlin, J. C., and Knight, T. M.: Plant-pollinator interactions over 120 years: loss of species, co-occurrence, and function, Science, 339, 1611–1615, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232728, 2013.
CaraDonna, P. J., Petry, W. K., Brennan, R. M., Cunningham, J. L., Bronstein, J. L., Waser, N. M., and Sanders, N. J.: Interaction rewiring and the rapid turnover of plant–pollinator networks, Ecol. Lett., 20, 385–394, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12740, 2017.
Chao, A., Gotelli, N. J., Hsieh, T., Sander, E. L., Ma, K., Colwell, R. K., and Ellison, A. M.: Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies, Ecol. Monogr., 84, 45–67, https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0133.1, 2014.
Chen, T., Werf, G. R., Jeu, R. A. M., Wang, G., and Dolman, A. J.: A global analysis of the impact of drought on net primary productivity, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3885–3894, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3885-2013, 2013.
Chesshire, P. R.: Impacts of short-term drought on insect pollinator communities and plant-pollinator interactions in northern Arizona, Figshare [data set],
https://figshare.com/s/11ed753e3cbeb89d3046 (last access: 31 August 2021), 2024a.
Chesshire, P. R.: Shifts in northern Arizona plant and insect pollinator communities between 2 years with substantially different precipitation totals, Figshare [data set/code], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24944643, 2024b.
Chesshire, P. R., McCabe, L. M., and Cobb, N. S.: Variation in Plant–Pollinator Network Structure along the Elevational Gradient of the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona, Insects, 12, 1060, https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12121060, 2021.
Colwell, R. K., Chao, A., Gotelli, N. J., Lin, S.-Y., Mao, C. X., Chazdon, R. L., and Longino, J. T.: Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages, J. Plant Ecol., 5, 3–21, https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtr044, 2012.
Cook, B. I., Ault, T. R., and Smerdon, J. E.: Unprecedented 21st century drought risk in the American Southwest and Central Plains, Science Advances, 1, e1400082, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400082, 2015.
Cuartas-Hernández, S. and Medel, R.: Topology of plant-flower-visitor networks in a tropical mountain forest: insights on the role of altitudinal and temporal variation, PLoS One, 10, e0141804, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141804, 2015.
Dai, A.: Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 52–58, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1633, 2013.
Dáttilo, W., Guimaraes Jr., P. R., and Izzo, T. J.: Spatial structure of ant–plant mutualistic networks, Oikos, 122, 1643–1648, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00562.x, 2013.
Devoto, M., Medan, D., Roig-Alsina, A., and Montaldo, N. H.: Patterns of species turnover in plant-pollinator communities along a precipitation gradient in Patagonia (Argentina), Austral Ecol., 34, 848–857, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01987.x, 2009.
Donoso, I., Stefanescu, C., Martínez-Abraín, A., and Traveset, A.: Phenological asynchrony in plant–butterfly interactions associated with climate: a community-wide perspective, Oikos, 125, 1434–1444, https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.03053, 2016.
Doré, M., Fontaine, C., and Thébault, E.: Relative effects of anthropogenic pressures, climate, and sampling design on the structure of pollination networks at the global scale, Glob. Change Biol., 27, 1266–1280, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15474, 2021.
Endres, K. L., Morozumi, C. N., Loy, X., Briggs, H. M., CaraDonna, P. J., Iler, A. M., Picklum, D. A., Barr, W. A., and Brosi, B. J.: Plant–pollinator interaction niche broadens in response to severe drought perturbations, Oecologia, 197, 577–588, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-05036-0, 2021.
Evans, N. T., Li, Y., Renshaw, M. A., Olds, B. P., Deiner, K., Turner, C. R., Jerde, C. L., Lodge, D. M., Lamberti, G. A., and Pfrender, M. E.: Fish community assessment with eDNA metabarcoding: effects of sampling design and bioinformatic filtering, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 74, 1362–1374, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0306, 2017.
Fontaine, C., Collin, C. L., and Dajoz, I.: Generalist foraging of pollinators: diet expansion at high density, J. Ecol., 96, 1002–1010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01405.x, 2008.
Forrest, J. R.: Plant–pollinator interactions and phenological change: what can we learn about climate impacts from experiments and observations?, Oikos, 124, 4–13, https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.01386, 2015.
Fox, J., Weisberg, S., Adler, D., Bates, D., Baud-Bovy, G., Ellison, S., Firth, D., Friendly, M., Gorjanc, G., and Graves, S.: Package 'car', R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 16, 4–10, https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.car, 2012.
Fukami, T. and Wardle, D. A.: Long-term ecological dynamics: reciprocal insights from natural and anthropogenic gradients, P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci., 272, 2105–2115, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3277, 2005.
Glinos, E., Condat, E., Mulieri, P., and Ashworth, L.: Essential dependence on wild pollination service: a medicinal plant under threat Minthostachys verticillata (Lamiaceae), Arthropod-Plant Inte., 13, 865–874, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-019-09705-z, 2019.
Gómez, J. M. and Zamora, R.: Plant–Pollinator Interactions: From specialization to generalization, Chapter 7 – Ecological factors that promote the evolution of generalization in pollination systems, The University of Chicago press, 145–166, ISBN 9780226874005, 2006.
Hegland, S. J., Nielsen, A., Lázaro, A., Bjerknes, A. L., and Totland, Ø.: How does climate warming affect plant-pollinator interactions?, Ecol. Lett., 12, 184–195, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01269.x, 2009.
Hoiss, B., Krauss, J., and Steffan-Dewenter, I.: Interactive effects of elevation, species richness and extreme climatic events on plant–pollinator networks, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 4086–4097, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12968, 2015.
Hsieh, T., Ma, K., and Chao, A.: iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers), Methods Ecol. Evol., 7, 1451–1456, https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12613, 2016.
Hung, K.-L. J., Sandoval, S. S., Ascher, J. S., and Holway, D. A.: Joint impacts of drought and habitat fragmentation on native bee assemblages in a California biodiversity hotspot, Insects, 12, 135, https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020135, 2021.
Inouye, D. W.: Effects of climate change on phenology, frost damage, and floral abundance of montane wildflowers, Ecology, 89, 353–362, https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2128.1, 2008.
IPCC: IPCC Sixth Assessment Report: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844, 2022.
Johnson, S. D. and Steiner, K. E.: Generalization versus specialization in plant pollination systems, Trends Ecol. Evol., 15, 140–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01811-X, 2000.
Kearns, C. A.: Anthophilous fly distribution across an elevation gradient, Am. Midl. Nat., 127, 172–182, https://doi.org/10.2307/2426332, 1992.
Klein, A.-M., Vaissiere, B. E., Cane, J. H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S. A., Kremen, C., and Tscharntke, T.: Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops, P. R. Soc. B, 274, 303–313, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721, 2007.
Kudo, G.: Vulnerability of phenological synchrony between plants and pollinators in an alpine ecosystem, Ecol. Res., 29, 571–581, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-013-1108-z, 2014.
Kudo, G. and Ida, T. Y.: Early onset of spring increases the phenological mismatch between plants and pollinators, Ecology, 94, 2311–2320, https://doi.org/10.1890/12-2003.1, 2013.
Lance, R. F., Bailey, P., Lindsay, D. L., and Cobb, N. S.: Precipitation and the robustness of a plant and flower-visiting insect network in a xeric ecosystem, J. Arid Environ., 144, 48–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.03.015, 2017.
Lázaro, A., Hegland, S. J., and Totland, Ø.: The relationships between floral traits and specificity of pollination systems in three Scandinavian plant communities, Oecologia, 157, 249–257, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1066-2, 2008.
Lenth, R., Singmann, H., Love, J., Buerkner, P., and Herve, M.: Emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means, R package version 1.8.9, Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.emmeans, 2018.
Mangiafico, S.: An R companion for the handbook of biological statistics, version 1.3.9 (Revised 2023), Rutgers Cooperative Extension, New Jersey,
https://rcompanion.org/rcompanion/ (last access: 20 April 2024), 2015.
Marshall, S. A.: Flies: The natural history & diversity of Diptera, 595.77 M3, Firefly Books, ISBN 9781770851009, 2012.
McCabe, L. M., Colella, E., Chesshire, P., Smith, D., and Cobb, N. S.: The transition from bee-to-fly dominated communities with increasing elevation and greater forest canopy cover, PloS ONE, 14, e0217198, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217198, 2019.
McCabe, L. M., Chesshire, P. R., Smith, D. R., Wolf, A., Gibbs, J., Griswold, T. L., Wright, K. W., and Cobb, N. S.: Bee species checklist of the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona, Biodiversity Data Journal, 8, e49285, https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49285, 2020.
Memmott, J., Craze, P. G., Waser, N. M., and Price, M. V.: Global warming and the disruption of plant–pollinator interactions, Ecol. Lett., 10, 710–717, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01061.x, 2007.
Menne, M. J., Durre, I., Vose, R. S., Gleason, B. E., and Houston, T. G.: An overview of the global historical climatology network-daily database, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 29, 897–910, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00103.1, 2012a.
Menne, M. J., Durre, I., Korzeniewski, B., McNeill, S., Thomas, K., Yin, X., Anthony, S., Ray, R., Vose, R. S., Gleason, B. E., and Houston, T. G.: Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCN-Daily), Version 3, NOAA National Climatic Data Center [code], https://doi.org/10.7289/V5D21VHZ, 2012b.
Merriam, C. H. and Stejneger, L.: Results of a biological survey of the San Francisco Mountain region and desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona, US Government Printing Office, https://doi.org/10.2307/4068043, 1890.
Morales, C. L. and Traveset, A.: Interspecific pollen transfer: magnitude, prevalence and consequences for plant fitness, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 27, 221–238, https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680802205631, 2008.
Norrbom, A. L., Sutton, B. D., Steck, G. J., and Monzon, J.: New genera, species and host plant records of Nearctic and Neotropical Tephritidae (Diptera),
http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02398p065.pdf (last access: 31 August 2021), 2010.
Orr, M. C., Hughes, A. C., Chesters, D., Pickering, J., Zhu, C.-D., and Ascher, J. S.: Global patterns and drivers of bee distribution, Curr. Biol., 31, 451–458, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.053, 2021.
Osorio-Canadas, S., Flores-Hernández, N., Sánchez-Ortiz, T., and Valiente-Banuet, A.: Changes in the structure and composition of the 'Mexical' scrubland bee community along an elevational gradient, PloS ONE, 16, e0254072, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254072, 2021.
Pauli, J. N., Zuckerberg, B., Whiteman, J. P., and Porter, W.: The subnivium: a deteriorating seasonal refugium, Front. Ecol. Environ., 11, 260–267, https://doi.org/10.1890/120222, 2013.
Phillips, B. B., Shaw, R. F., Holland, M. J., Fry, E. L., Bardgett, R. D., Bullock, J. M., and Osborne, J. L.: Drought reduces floral resources for pollinators, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 3226–3235, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14130, 2018.
Ponisio, L. C., Valdovinos, F. S., Allhoff, K. T., Gaiarsa, M. P., Barner, A., Guimarães Jr., P. R., Hembry, D. H., Morrison, B., and Gillespie, R.: A network perspective for community assembly, Front. Ecol. Evol., 7, 103, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00103, 2019.
Potts, S. G., Biesmeijer, J. C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., and Kunin, W. E.: Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers, Trends Ecol. Evol., 25, 345–353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007, 2010.
Rabeling, S. C., Lim, J. L., Tidon, R., Neff, J. L., Simpson, B. B., and Pawar, S.: Seasonal variation of a plant-pollinator network in the Brazilian Cerrado: Implications for community structure and robustness, PLoS ONE, 14, e0224997, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224997, 2019.
R Core Team: _R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, Foundation for Statistical Computing,
https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 31 August 2021), 2023.
Schenk, M., Krauss, J., and Holzschuh, A.: Desynchronizations in bee–plant interactions cause severe fitness losses in solitary bees, J. Anim. Ecol., 87, 139–149, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12694, 2018.
Schwarz, B., Vázquez, D. P., CaraDonna, P. J., Knight, T. M., Benadi, G., Dormann, C. F., Gauzens, B., Motivans, E., Resasco, J., and Blüthgen, N.: Temporal scale-dependence of plant–pollinator networks, Oikos, 129, 1289–1302, https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.07303, 2020.
Schweiger, O., Biesmeijer, J. C., Bommarco, R., Hickler, T., Hulme, P. E., Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Moora, M., Nielsen, A., Ohlemüller, R., Petanidou, T., Potts, S. G., Pyšek, P., Stout, J. C., Sykes, M. T., Tscheulin, T., Vilà, M., Walther, G.-R., Westphal, C., Winter, M., Zobel, M., and Settele, J.: Multiple stressors on biotic interactions: how climate change and alien species interact to affect pollination, Biol. Rev., 85, 777–795, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00125.x, 2010.
Simpson, D. T., Weinman, L. R., Genung, M. A., Roswell, M., MacLeod, M., and Winfree, R.: Many bee species, including rare species, are important for function of entire plant–pollinator networks, P. R. Soc. B, 289, 20212689, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2689, 2022.
Skevington, J. H., Locke, M. M., Young, A. D., Moran, K., Crins, W. J., and Marshall, S. A.: Field guide to the flower flies of northeastern North America, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691189404, 2019.
Smith, R., Higgins, J., Burton, J., and Cobb, N. S.: Bee diversity and abundance along an elevational gradient in Northern Arizona, The Colorado Plateau VI: Science and management at the landscape scale, 18, 159–189, ISBN 978-0-8165-3159-2, 2015.
Spehn, E. M. and Körner, C.: A global assessment of mountain biodiversity and its function, in: Global Change and Mountain Regions, Springer, 393–400, ISBN 978-1842140918, 2005.
Thébault, E. and Fontaine, C.: Stability of ecological communities and the architecture of mutualistic and trophic networks, Science, 329, 853–856, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188321, 2010.
Waser, N. M. and Price, M. V.: Drought, pollen and nectar availability, and pollination success, Ecology, 97, 1400–1409, https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1423.1, 2016.
Waser, N. M., Chittka, L., Price, M. V., Williams, N. M., and Ollerton, J.: Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters, Ecology, 77, 1043–1060, https://doi.org/10.2307/2265575, 1996.
Wilder, D. D.: Systematics of the Nearctic Ptilodexia Brauer and Bergenstamm (Diptera: Tachinidae), The Pennsylvania State University, ISBN 9798641057385, 1976.
Williams, A. P., Cook, B. I., and Smerdon, J. E.: Rapid intensification of the emerging southwestern North American megadrought in 2020–2021, Nat. Clim. Change, 12, 232–234, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01290-z, 2022.
Winfree, R., Williams, N. M., Dushoff, J., and Kremen, C.: Species abundance, not diet breadth, drives the persistence of the most linked pollinators as plant-pollinator networks disassemble, Am. Nat., 183, 600–611, https://doi.org/10.1086/675716, 2014.
