We highlight the arrival of 24 655 seeds in the experiment. We found that depending on how far the artificial perches are from the forest fragment, different seed communities are formed. It is also worth mentioning the extensive deposition of the alien species Australian cheesewood. The Tyrannidae bird family was the most represented. Artificial perches are efficient to increase seed rain in the fallow area but should be used with caution in landscapes with the presence of alien species.

Landscape ecologists often use virtual or imaginary landscapes to explore how landscapes can effect ecological processes. In a similar manner, procedural modelling algorithms are used in computer graphics for the creation of virtual or imaginary worlds used in movies and computer games. Perlin noise is a procedural modelling algorithm that could be very useful for landscape ecologists, and this work explains and translates Perlin noise for landscape ecologists.

Natural enemies often originate from the (semi)natural habitats surrounding agricultural fields. In many cases, the biological control service is limited to the field borders, where the natural enemies can move easily from the surrounding habitats. This work uses movement rules and individual-based models to explore how the habitat quality of the field and its surroundings may be modified to help natural enemies move inside the field and therefore improve biological control.

Evaluating socio-economic losses due to natural disasters is challenging because of the complexity of the social and ecological systems affected (also under pressure from the expected effects of climate change). This paper suggests a general framework encompassing all the important concepts needed in the assessment of natural disasters. In particular, we propose a set of relationships among vulnerability, resilience, hazard, risk, damage, and loss which can guide socio-economic assessment.