Articles | Volume 21, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/we-21-79-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/we-21-79-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Standard article
| 
18 Oct 2021
Standard article |
| 18 Oct 2021
| 18 Oct 2021
Models of poisoning effects on vulture populations show that small but frequent episodes have a larger effect than large but rare ones
Rigas Tsiakiris
Department of Forest Administration and Management, Forestry Service of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
John M. Halley
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
Kalliopi Stara
Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
Nikos Monokrousos
Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
Institute of Soil and Water Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Athens, Greece
Chryso Karyou
Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
Nicolaos Kassinis
Game and Fauna Service, Ministry of Interior, Nicosia, Cyprus
Minas Papadopoulos
Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Strovolos, Nicosia, Cyprus
Stavros M. Xirouchakis
School of Sciences and Engineering, Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Related authors
Valentino Marini Govigli, John R. Healey, Jennifer L. G. Wong, Kalliopi Stara, Rigas Tsiakiris, and John M. Halley
Web Ecol., 20, 53–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-20-53-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-20-53-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper summarizes the tree composition and structure of six sacred forests, located in northwestern Greece. These forests are recognized as important components of the cultural landscape and local traditional knowledge. However, they are gradually fading because of rural depopulation. To understand the effect of management on the forests' vegetation composition, we classified tree species across forests. Our results show the key role of former management in shaping the forests' structure.
Theofilos Dostos, Pantelitsa D. Kapagianni, Nikolaos Monokrousos, George P. Stamou, and Efimia M. Papatheodorou
Web Ecol., 22, 21–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-22-21-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-22-21-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biocrusts in arid and semiarid regions interact with soil microbes and plants. The knowledge of the spatial scale of the interactions adds value to crusts' use for plant and soil restoration. Soil sampling was confined to an area with Erica spp. shrubs interspaced by crust cover (Cladonia rangiformis) or uncovered at different distances from the base of the shrubs towards the periphery. The community composition and the microbial networks showed response to spatial heterogeneity.
Valentino Marini Govigli, John R. Healey, Jennifer L. G. Wong, Kalliopi Stara, Rigas Tsiakiris, and John M. Halley
Web Ecol., 20, 53–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-20-53-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-20-53-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper summarizes the tree composition and structure of six sacred forests, located in northwestern Greece. These forests are recognized as important components of the cultural landscape and local traditional knowledge. However, they are gradually fading because of rural depopulation. To understand the effect of management on the forests' vegetation composition, we classified tree species across forests. Our results show the key role of former management in shaping the forests' structure.
F. Xystrakis, A. S. Kallimanis, P. Dimopoulos, J. M. Halley, and N. Koutsias
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 21–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-21-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-21-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Conservation Ecology
Insights into the habitat associations, phylogeny, and diet of Pipistrellus maderensis in Porto Santo, northeastern Macaronesia
Spatio-temporal patterns of co-occurrence of tigers and leopards within a protected area in central India
Changes in the Cerrado vegetation structure: insights from more than three decades of ecological succession
Toward a new generation of effective problem solvers and project-oriented applied ecologists
Scientists' warning on endangered food webs
Towards the unravelling of the slug A. ater–A. rufus complex (Gastropoda Arionidae): new genetic approaches
Non-native invasive species as paradoxical ecosystem services in urban conservation education
Heat shock and plant leachates regulate seed germination of the endangered carnivorous plant Drosophyllum lusitanicum
Leaf litter is essential for seed survival of the endemic endangered tree Pouteria splendens (Sapotaceae) from central Chile
Sand quarry wetlands provide high-quality habitat for native amphibians
Overview of the translocation of rupestrian ferruginous fields of Capão Xavier mine to the Serra do Rola Moça State Park, Minas Gerais – Brazil
Biodiversity offsetting in England: governance rescaling, socio-spatial injustices, and the neoliberalization of nature
Human population density and tenebrionid richness covary in Mediterranean islands
Protected areas network and conservation efforts concerning threatened amphibians in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Biodiversity impacts of climate change – the PRONAS software as educational tool
Monitoring arthropods in protected grasslands: comparing pitfall trapping, quadrat sampling and video monitoring
Short Communication: Systems-based conservation and conflicts between species protection programs
The geography of high-value biodiversity areas for terrestrial vertebrates in Western Europe and their coverage by protected area networks
Eva K. Nóbrega, Nia Toshkova, Angelina Gonçalves, André Reis, Elena J. Soto, Sergio Puertas Ruiz, Vanessa A. Mata, Catarina Rato, and Ricardo Rocha
Web Ecol., 23, 87–98, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-23-87-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-23-87-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted an island-wide survey to investigate if the Madeiran pipistrelle still persists on the island of Porto Santo, where it was believed to be extinct. We detected bats in 28 out of 46 sampling sites, and their activity was particularly associated with water points. Furthermore, we found that bats from Porto Santo and Madeira have a close phylogenetic affinity and that they feed on a wide variety of insects, including several economically important pest species and disease vectors.
Anindita Bidisha Chatterjee, Kalyansundaram Sankar, Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala, and Qamar Qureshi
Web Ecol., 23, 17–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-23-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-23-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a record of co-occurrence patterns of tigers and leopards in a dry deciduous forest where both these sympatric predators coexist in high densities. Populations of large carnivores are decreasing on a global scale, and looking into their inter-species relationships is crucial to conserving these species. Our results show that leopards avoid tigers spatially in a dry deciduous system and show significant temporal overlap, with no fine-scale spatio-temporal avoidance.
Rogério Victor S. Gonçalves, João Custódio F. Cardoso, Paulo Eugênio Oliveira, and Denis Coelho Oliveira
Web Ecol., 21, 55–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-21-55-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-21-55-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cerrado savannas in Brazil are under increasing pressure. Long-term vegetation dynamics (1987–2019) of a Cerrado area showed marked woody plant encroachment (WPE) processes, possibly linked to fire and grazing suppression. Open shrubby grasslands and wetlands shrunk, while forest and denser woodlands increased, concurrently with vegetation indexes (NDVI). Decreasing open cerrado and wetlands may imply biodiversity and water supply losses. WPE should be considered for Cerrado conservation.
Corrado Battisti, Giovanni Amori, and Luca Luiselli
Web Ecol., 20, 11–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-20-11-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-20-11-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In an era of environmental crises, conservation and management strategies need a new generation of applied ecologists. Here, we stimulate the next generation of applied ecologists to acquire a pragmatic mentality of problems solvers in real contexts, using the wide arsenal of concepts, approaches and techniques available in the project management (PM) arena and using a road map based on the main steps of the conservation project cycle.
Ruben H. Heleno, William J. Ripple, and Anna Traveset
Web Ecol., 20, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-20-1-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-20-1-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
It is not only the climate that is changing. We are now also observing a global biological change. Here we revise the overwhelming evidence that these changes affect not only individual species but also simplify the structure of entire food webs, threatening long-term community persistence. We must take urgent action to protect the integrity of natural food webs, or we might rapidly push entire ecosystems outside their safe zones.
María L. Peláez, Antonio G. Valdecasas, Daniel Martinez, and Jose L. Horreo
Web Ecol., 18, 115–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-18-115-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-18-115-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Arion ater complex comprises two morphological forms: A. rufus and A. ater, and no consensus exists about their species status. Both forms belong to different phylogenetic clades, and we have investigated the correspondence to different species. To do it, we analysed three mitochondrial genes with two different genetic approaches (one classic, one cutting-edge). Results suggested that both clades, thus forms, are different species, and shed light on the taxonomic classification of the group.
Corrado Battisti, Giuliano Fanelli, Sandro Bertolino, Luca Luiselli, Giovanni Amori, and Spartaco Gippoliti
Web Ecol., 18, 37–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-18-37-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-18-37-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Many practices have been proposed in conservation education to facilitate a re-connection between nature and young digitally dependent people in anthropized contexts. In this paper we suggest that, at least in some specific circumstances (urban and suburban areas), non-native invasive species may have a paradoxical and positive impact on conservation education strategies, playing a role as an experiential tool, which represents a cultural ecosystem service.
Susana Gómez-González, Maria Paniw, Kamila Antunes, and Fernando Ojeda
Web Ecol., 18, 7–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-18-7-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-18-7-2018, 2018
Gastón Javier Sotes, Ramiro Osciel Bustamante, and Carolina Andrea Henríquez
Web Ecol., 18, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-18-1-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-18-1-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Pouteria splendens is an endemic endangered tree from central Chile. Natural regeneration in the species seems to be low and its distribution is restricted. We investigate seed dispersal and survival. Results indicated a low distance of seed dispersal, and the presence of leaf litter covering seeds increased survival. We suggest that future conservation programs should focus on protecting both adult plants and leaf litter under trees.
Michael Sievers
Web Ecol., 17, 19–27, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-17-19-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-17-19-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Artificial wetlands are becoming critical habitats as natural wetlands continue to be degraded and destroyed. I surveyed quarry wetlands to assess how they provide habitat for frogs and the factors driving patterns. Quarry wetlands consistently harboured more species and healthier individuals than reference wetlands. We need to encourage wildlife utilisation of quarry wetlands, and the methods outlined here provide a powerful, yet simple, tool to assess the overall health of artificial wetlands.
Alessandra F. Fernandes, Ana C. Maia, Juan F. S. Monteiro, João N. Condé, and Mauro Martins
Web Ecol., 16, 93–96, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-16-93-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-16-93-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Serra do Rola Moça State Park is located in Brazil and is home to Canga vegetation. The objective of the study was to conserve biodiversity. The species present mainly belong to the Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Velloziaceae, Bromeliaceae, and Orchidaceae families. Approximately 15 000 individuals of Canga species were translocated and planted. This study indicates the possibility of nursery breeding of some of the native species and their use in the recovery of areas in mining regions.
Evangelia Apostolopoulou
Web Ecol., 16, 67–71, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-16-67-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-16-67-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
I use primary empirical data obtained through interviews in case studies around England to explore the neoliberal character of biodiversity offsetting, its interrelationship with governance rescaling, and the way the latter influences the distribution of offsetting’s costs and benefits. My results show that biodiversity offsetting in England has been a reactionary neoliberal policy characterized by important deficits from an environmental and socio-spatial justice perspective.
Simone Fattorini and Giovanni Strona
Web Ecol., 16, 63–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-16-63-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-16-63-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An unexpected high biodiversity can be found even in densely inhabited areas, possibly as a result of a tendency of human settlements to be located in sites particularly favourable also for other organisms. We studied the relationship between human density and tenebrionid beetle richness in Italian islands. Tenebrionid richness increased with human population density. This suggests that islands that are more hospitable to humans are also those that can be more favourable for tenebrionids.
F. S. Campos, G. A. Llorente, L. Rincón, R. Lourenço-de-Moraes, and M. Solé
Web Ecol., 16, 9–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-16-9-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-16-9-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the efficiency of the protected areas (PAs) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest on the conservation of threatened amphibian species. This brief overview highlights not only the crisis faced by unprotected amphibians, but it also sounds the alarm regarding the situation of species covered by the PAs network. Such context can improve the environmental actions for the PAs integrity and reduce the extinction risk of threatened amphibian species in this region.
K. Ulbrich, O. Schweiger, S. Klotz, and J. Settele
Web Ecol., 15, 49–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-15-49-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-15-49-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Only little of current biodiversity knowledge reaches the young generation. We developed the educational software PRONAS to show how scientists handle questions about the impact of climate change on species' habitats. About fifty European species have been used to demonstrate habitat losses and shifts and the mismatch of habitat dynamics of interacting species. We found that “educational software” is a useful format for scientific outreach. PRONAS is freely accessible in German and English.
J. G. Zaller, G. Kerschbaumer, R. Rizzoli, A. Tiefenbacher, E. Gruber, and H. Schedl
Web Ecol., 15, 15–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-15-15-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-15-15-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Arthropod monitoring in protected areas often requires non-destructive methods in order to avoid detrimental effects on natural communities. Video monitoring recorded the highest number of individuals followed by quadrat sampling and pitfall trapping. Quadrat sampling showed the highest diversity followed by video monitoring and pitfall trapping. Thus, video monitoring has a great potential as a supplementary method for biodiversity assessments especially at the level of parataxonomic units.
F. Jordán and A. Báldi
Web Ecol., 13, 85–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-13-85-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-13-85-2013, 2013
M. J. T. Assunção-Albuquerque, J. M. Rey Benayas, F. S. Albuquerque, and M. Á. Rodríguez
Web Ecol., 12, 65–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-12-65-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-12-65-2012, 2012
Cited articles
Allen, E. J., Harris, J. M., and Allen, L. J. S.:
Persistence-time models for use in viability analyses of vanishing species,
J. Theor. Biol.,
155, 33–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80547-8, 1992.
Aresu, M., Rotta, A., Fozzi, A., Campus, A., Muzzedous, M., Seccis, D., Fozzi, I., Rosa, D. D., and Berlinguer, F.: Assessing the effects of different management scenarios on the conservation of small island vulture populations, Bird Conserv. Int., 31, 111–128, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270920000040, 2020.
Berec, L., Angulo, E., and Courchamp, F.:
Multiple Allee effects and population management,
Trends Ecol. Evol.,
22, 185–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.12.002, 2007.
Bijleveld, A. I., Egas, M., Van Gils, J. A., and Piersma, T.:
Beyond the information centre hypothesis: communal roosting for information on food, predators, travel companions and mates?,
Oikos,
119, 277–285, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17892.x, 2010.
Botha, A. J., Andevski, J., Bowden, C. G. R., Gudka, M., Safford, R. J., Tavares, J., and Williams, N. P.:
Multi-species Action Plan to Conserve African-Eurasian Vultures. CMS Raptors MOU Technical Publication No. 5, CMS Technical Series No. 35,
Coordinating Unit of the CMS Raptors MOU, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2017.
Bustamante, J.:
Use of simulation models to plan species reintroductions: the case of the bearded vulture in southern Spain,
Anim. Conserv.,
1, 229–238, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.1998.tb00033.x, 1998.
Charalambides, C. M. and Neophytou, P.:
Birds of Cyprus, Nineteenth Bird Report, 1988,
The Cyprus Ornithological Society,
Kailas Press, Nicosia, 1990.
Colomer, M. À., Margalida, A., Sanuy, D., and Pérez-Jiménez, M. J.:
A bio-inspired computing model as a new tool for modeling ecosystems: The avian scavengers as a case study,
Ecol. Model.,
222, 33–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.012, 2011.
Colomer, M. À., Oliva-Vidal, P., Jiménez, J., Martínez, J. M., and Margalida, A.:
Prioritizing among removal scenarios for the reintroduction of endangered species: insights from bearded vulture simulation modeling,
Anim. Conserv.,
23, 396–406, https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12549, 2020.
Deredec, A. and Courchamp, F.:
Importance of the Allee effect for reintroductions,
Ecoscience,
14, 440–451, https://doi.org/10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[440:IOTAEF]2.0.CO;2, 2007.
DeVault, T. L., Rhodes, O. E., and Shivik, J. A.:
Scavenging by vertebrates: Behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives on an important energy transfer pathway in terrestrial ecosystems,
Oikos,
102, 225–234, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12378.x, 2003.
DeVault, T. L., Beasley, J. C., Olson, Z. H., Moleón, M., Carrete, M., Margalida, A., and Antonio, J.:
Ecosystem services provided by avian scavengers,
in: Why birds matter: Avian ecological function and ecosystem services,
edited by: Şekercioğlu, Ç. H., Wenny, D. G., and Whelan, C. J.,
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA, 235–270, 2016.
Duriez, O., Herman, S., and Sarrazin, F.:
Intra-specific competition in foraging Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus: 2. The influence of supplementary feeding management,
Bird Study,
59, 193–206, https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2012.658640, 2012.
Fagan, W. F., Meir, E., Prendergast, J., Ayoola, F., and Kareiva, P.:
Characterizing population vulnerability for 758 species,
Ecol. Lett.,
4, 132–138, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00206.x, 2001.
Flather, C. H., Hayward, G. D., Beissinger, S. R., and Stephens, P. A.:
Minimum viable populations: is there a 'magic number' for conservation practitioners?,
Trends Ecol. Evol.,
26, 307–316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.001, 2011.
Frankham, R.:
Inbreeding and Extinction: A Threshold Effect,
Conserv. Biol.,
9, 792–799, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040792.x, 1995.
Gil-Sánchez, J. M., Aguilera-Alcalá, N., Moleón, M., Sebastián-González, E., Margalida, A., Morales-Reyes, Z., Durá-Alemañ, C. J., Oliva-Vidal, P., Pérez-García, J. M., and Sánchez-Zapata, J. A.:
Biases in the Detection of Intentionally Poisoned Animals: Public Health and Conservation Implications from a Field Experiment,
Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He.,
18, 1201, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031201, 2021.
Griffith, B., Scott, M. J., Carpenter, J. W., and Reed, C.:
Translocation as a Species Conservation Tool: Status and Strategy,
Science,
245, 477–480, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4917.477, 1989.
Grimm, V. and Railsback, S. F.:
Individual-based Modelling and Ecology,
Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, UK, 2005.
Grimm, V., Berger, U., Bastiansen, F., Eliassen, S., Ginot, V., Giske, J., Goss-Custard, J., Grand, T., Heinz, S., K., Huse, G., Huth, A., Jepsen, J. U., Jørgensen, C., Mooij, W. M., Müller, B., Pe'er, G., Piou, C., Railsback, S. F., Robbins, A. M., Robbins, M. M., Rossmanith, E., Rüger, N., Strand, E., Souissi, S., Stillman, R. A., Vabø, R., Visser, U., and DeAngelis, D. L.:
A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models,
Ecol. Model.,
198, 115–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.04.023, 2006.
Grussu, M. and Sardinian Ornithological Group:
Evolution of the vulture population on a Mediterranean island. The Sardinian instance (Italy),
Vulture News,
76, 6–19, https://doi.org/10.4314/vulnew.v76i1.2, 2019.
Halley, J. M.: Poison Baits and Vultures, OSF, available at: https://osf.io/tnvuh/?view_only=205bcf1f4a274c579591454827023b79, last access: 18 September 2019.
Halley, J. M. and Hoelzel, A. R.:
Simulation Models of Bottleneck Events in Natural Populations,
in: Molecular Genetic Approaches in Conservation,
edited by: Smith, T. B. and Wayne, R. K.,
Oxford University Press, New York, UK, 1996.
Henriquez, M., Buij, R., Monteiro, H., Sá, J., Wambar, F., Tavares, J. P., Botha, A., Citegetse, G., Lecoq, M., Catry, P., and Ogada, D.:
Deliberate poisoning of Africa's vultures,
Science,
16, 304, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd1862, 2020.
Hernández, M. and Margalida, A.:
Pesticide abuse in Europe: effects on the Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) population in Spain,
Ecotoxicology,
17, 264–272, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-008-0193-1, 2008.
Hernández, M. and Margalida, A.:
Poison-related mortality effects in the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Spain,
Eur. J. Wildlife Res.,
55, 415–423, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-009-0255-6, 2009.
Hoelzel, A. R., Halley, J. M., O'Brien, S. J., Campagna, C., Arnbom, T., Leboeuf, B., Ralls, K., and Dover, G. A.:
Elephant seal genetic-variation and the use of simulation-models to investigate historical population bottlenecks,
J. Hered.,
84, 443–449, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111370, 1993.
Houston, D. C.:
Reintroduction programmes for vulture species,
in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Conservation and Management of Vulture Populations,
edited by: Houston, D. C. and Piper, S. E.,
Natural History Museum of Crete and WWF Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece, 14–16 November 2005, 87–97, 2006.
Iezekiel, S., Bakaloudis, D. E., and Vlachos, C. G.:
The Status and Conservation of Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus in Cyprus,
in: Raptors worldwide: Proceedings of the VI World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls,
edited by: Meyburg, B.-U. and Chancellor, R.,
WWGBP and MME, Budapest, Hungary, 18–23 May 2003, 67–73, 2004.
IUCN Bangladesh: Vultures and Vulture Safe Zones of Bangladesh, IUCN, Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 51–151, 2016.
IUCN/SSC:
Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations. Version 1.0,
IUCN Species Survival Commission, viiii, Gland, Switzerland, 2013.
Kane, A., Jackson, A. L., Ogada, D. L., Monadjem, A., and McNally, L.:
Vultures acquire information on carcass location from scavenging eagles,
P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci.,
281, 20141072, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1072, 2014.
Kassinis, N., Papazoglou, C., Xirouchakis, S., Probonas, M., and Papadopoulos, M.: Conservation of the declining Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus population in Cyprus through reinforcement with individuals from Crete, in: Abstracts of the International Congress on the Zoogeography and Ecology of Greece and Adjacent Regions, edited by: Poulakakis, N., Antoniou, A., Karameta, E., Psonis, N., and Vardinoyannis, K., 13th ICZEGAR, Hellenic Zoological Society, 7–11 October 2015, Irakleio, Crete, Greece, 2015.
Kassinis, N., Apostolidou, M., and Ieronymidou, C.:
Griffon Vultures of Cyprus – legacy of conservation past and looking to the future,
in: Book of Abstracts,
The European Vulture Conference, Algarve, Portugal, 1–3 October 2019, 61, 2019.
Knowlton, J. L. and Graham, C. H.:
Using behavioral landscape ecology to predict species' responses to land-use and climate change,
Biol. Conserv.,
143, 1342–1354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.011, 2010.
Lacy, R. C. and Pollak, J. P.: Vortex: a stochastic simulation of the extinction process, version 10.0, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois, USA, available at: https://scti.tools/, last access: 15 May 2014.
Le Gouar, P., Rigal, F., Boisselier-Dubayle, M. C., Sarrazin, F., Arthur, C., Choisy, J. P., Hatzofe, O., Henriquet, S., Lécuyer, P., Tessier, C., Susic, G., and Samadi, S.:
Genetic variation in a network of natural and reintroduced populations of Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) in Europe,
Conserv. Genet.,
9, 349–359, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-007-9347-6, 2008.
Lomnicki, A.:
Individual-based Models in Population Ecology,
eLS,
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0003312.pub2, 2011.
Margalida, A.:
Baits, budget cuts: a deadly mix,
Science,
338, 192, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.338.6104.192-a, 2012.
Margalida, A. and Mateo, R.:
Illegal killing of birds in Europe continues,
Science,
363, 1161, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw7516, 2019.
Margalida, A., Oliva-Vidal, P., Llamas, A., and Colomer, M. À.:
Bioinspired models for assessing the importance of transhumance and transboundary management in the conservation of European avian scavengers,
Biol. Conserv.,
228, 321–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.11.004, 2018.
Markandya, A., Taylor, T., Longo, A., Murty, M. N., and Dhavala, K.:
Counting the Cost of Vulture Declines – Economic Appraisal of the Benefits of the Gyps Vulture in India,
Ecol. Econ.,
67, 194–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.04.020, 2008.
Mateo-Tomás, P. and Olea, P. P.:
Anticipating knowledge to inform species management: Predicting spatially explicit habitat suitability of a colonial vulture spreading its range,
PLoS ONE,
5, e12374, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012374, 2010.
McClure, C. J. W., Westrip, J. R. S., Johnson, J. A., Schulwitz, S. E., Virani, M. Z., Davies, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Thorstrom, R., Amar, A., Buij, R., Jones, V. R., Williams, N. P., Buechley, E. R., and Butchart, S. H. M.:
State of the world's raptors: Distributions, threats, and conservation recommendations,
Biol. Conserv.,
227, 390–402, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.012, 2018.
McGowan, C. P., Runge, M. C., and Larson, M. A.:
Incorporating parametric uncertainty into population viability analysis models,
Biol. Conserv.,
5, 1400–1408, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.01.005, 2011.
Mereu, P., Satta, V., Frongia, G. N., Berlinguer, F., Muzzeddu, M., Campus, A., Decandia, L., Pirastru, M., Manca, L., Naitana, S., and Leoni, G. G.:
The complete mtDNA sequence of the Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus): Phylogenetic analysis and haplotype frequency variations after restocking in the Sardinian population,
Biol. Conserv.,
214, 195–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.017, 2017.
Mihoub, J.-B., Robert, A., Le Gouar, P., and Sarrazin, F.: Post-release dispersal in animal translocations: Social attraction and the “Vacuum Effect”, PLoS ONE, 6, e27453, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027453, 2011.
Moleón, M. and Sánchez-Zapata, J. A.:
The Living Dead: Time to Integrate Scavenging into Ecological Teaching,
BioScience,
65, 1003–1010, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv101, 2015.
Moleón, M., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., Margalida, A., Carrete, M., Owen-Smith, N., and Donázar, J. A.:
Humans and Scavengers: The Evolution of Interactions and Ecosystem Services,
BioScience,
64, 394–403, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu034, 2014.
Monsarrat, S., Benhamou, S., Sarrazin, F., Bessa-Gomes, C., Bouten, W., and Duriez, O.:
How Predictability of Feeding Patches Affects Home Range and Foraging Habitat Selection in Avian Social Scavengers?,
PLoS ONE,
8, e53077, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053077, 2013.
Morales-Reyes, Z., Pérez-García, J. M., Moleón, M., Botella, F., Carrete, M., Lazcano, C., Moreno-Opo, R., Margalida, A., Donázar, J. A., and Sánchez-Zapata, J. A.:
Supplanting ecosystem services provided by scavengers raises greenhouse gas emissions,
Sci. Rep.-UK,
5, 7811, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07811, 2015.
Moreno-Opo, R., Trujillano, A., and Margalida, A.:
Optimization of supplementary feeding programs for European vultures depends on environmental and management factors,
Ecosphere,
6, 127, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00009.1, 2015.
Murn, C. and Botha, A.:
A clear and present danger: impacts of poisoning on a vulture population and the effect of poison response activities,
Oryx,
52, 552–558, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316001137, 2018.
Ntemiri, K., Saravia, V., Angelidis, C., Baxevani, K., Probonas, M., Kret, E., Mertzanis, Y., Iliopoulos, Y., Georgiadis, L., Skartsi, D., and Vavylis, D.:
Animal mortality and illegal poison bait use in Greece,
Environ. Monit. Assess.,
190, 488, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6838-5, 2018.
Oaks, J. L., Gilbert, M., Virani, M. Z., Watson, R. T., Meteyer, C. U., Rideout, B. A., Shivaprasad, H. L., Ahmed, S., Chaudhry, M. J., Arshad, M., Mahmood, S., Ali, A., and Khan, A. A.:
Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan,
Nature,
427, 630–633, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02317, 2004.
Ogada, D., Shaw, P., Beyers, R. L., Buij, R., Murn, C., Thiollay, J. M., Beale, C. M., Holdo, R. M., Pomeroy, D., Baker, N., Krüger, S. C., Botha, A., Virani, M. Z., Monadjem, A., and Sincliair, A. R. E.:
Another Continental Vulture Crisis: Africa's Vultures Collapsing toward Extinction,
Conserv. Lett.,
9, 89–97, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12182, 2015.
Ogada, D., Botha, A., and Shaw, P.:
Ivory Poachers and Poison: Drivers of Africa's Declining Vulture Populations,
Oryx,
50, 593–596, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001209, 2016.
Ogada, D. L.:
Power of Poison: Pesticide Poisoning of Africa's wildlife,
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,
1322, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12405, 2014.
Ogada, D. L., Keesing, F., and Virani, M. Z.:
Dropping dead: Causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide,
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,
1249, 57–71, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06293.x, 2011.
Ogada, D. L., Torchin, M. E., Kinnaird, M. F., and Ezenwa, V. O.:
Effects of Vulture Declines on Facultative Scavengers and Potential Implications for Mammalian Disease Transmission,
Conserv. Biol.,
26, 453–460, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01827.x, 2012.
Pain, D. J., Cunningham, A. A., Donald, P. F., Duckworth, J. W., Houston, D. C., Katzner, T., Parry-Jones, J., Poole, C., Prakash, V., Round, P., and Timmins, R.:
Causes and Effects of Temporo spatial Declines of Gyps Vultures in Asia,
Conserv. Biol.,
17, 661–671, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01740.x, 2003.
Panagiotopoulou, M., Azmanis, P., Tsiakiris, R., and Stara, K.:
Carry on Carrion: the fall of the Scavenger,
in: Animal Welfare in a Changing World,
edited by: Butterworth, A.,
CABI, Oxfordshire, UK, 57–67, https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786392459.0057, 2018.
Parvanov, D. E., Stoynov, N., Vangelova, H., Peshev, A., Grozdanov, V., Delov, V., and Iliev, Y.:
Vulture mortality resulting from illegal poisoning in the southern Balkan Peninsula,
Environ. Sci. Pollut. R.,
25, 1706–1712, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0594-x, 2018.
Peshev, H., Grozdanov, A., Kmetova-Biro, E., Ivanov, I., Stoyanov, G., Tsiakiris, R., Marin, S., Marinković, S., Sušić, G., Lisichanets, E., Hribšek, I., Karić, Z., Kapelj, S., Bonchev, L., and Stoynov, E.:
New insight into spatial ecology of Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) on the Balkans provides opportunity for focusing conservation actions for a threatened social scavenger,
Biodiversity Data Journal,
9, e71100, https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e71100, 2021.
Piper, S. E.:
Supplementary feeding programmes: how necessary are they for the maintenance of numerous and healthy vulture populations,
in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Conservation and Management of Vulture Populations,
edited by: Houston, D. C. and Piper, S. E.,
Natural History Museum of Crete and WWF Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece, 14–16 November 2005, 41–50, 2006.
Prakash, V., Pain, D. J., Cunningham, A. A., Donald, P. F., Prakash, N., Verma, A., Gargi, R., Sivakumar, S., and Rahmani, A. R.:
Catastrophic collapse of Indian white-backed Gyps bengalensis and long billed Gyps indicus vulture populations,
Biol. Conserv.,
109, 381–390, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00164-7, 2003.
Ruxton, G. D. and Houston, D. C.:
Obligate vertebrate scavengers must be large soaring fliers,
J. Theor. Biol.,
228, 431–436, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.02.005, 2004.
Safford, R., Andevsky, J., Botha, A., Bowden, C. G. R., Crockford, N., Garbett, R., Margalida, A., Ramírez, I., Shobrak, M., Tavares, J., and Williams, N. P.: Vulture Conservation: the Case for Urgent Action,
Bird Conserv. Int., 29, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270919000042, 2019.
Sarrazin, F.: Introductory remarks. A demographic frame for reintroductions, Ecoscience, 14, 4, https://doi.org/10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[iii:RL]2.0.CO;2, 2007.
Sarrazin, F. and Legendre, S.:
Demographic Approach to Releasing Adults versus Young in Reintroductions,
Conserv. Biol.,
14, 488–500, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.97305.x, 2000.
Sarrazin, F., Bagnoline, C., Pinna, J. L., and Danchin, E.:
Breeding biology during establishment of a reintroduced Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus population,
Ibis,
138, 315–325, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb04344.x, 1996.
Şekercioğlu, Ì. H., Daily, G. C., and Ehrlich, P. R.:
Ecosystem consequences of bird declines,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
101, 18042–18047, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0408049101, 2004.
Shaffer, M.:
Minimum viable populations: coping with uncertainty,
in: Viable Populations for Conservation,
edited by: Soulé, M. E.,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 69–86, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623400.006, 1987.
Smith, D.:
Africa's vulture population in jeopardy following mass poisoning incidents,
The Guardian, 2 June 2014,
available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/26/vultures-africa-poison-carcasses-poachers-crisis, last access: 26 February 2021.
Soulé, M. E.:
Diversity,
Conserv. Biol.,
1, 173–174, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00027.x, 1987.
Stavrinides, M.:
Reinforcement of Vultures in Cyprus Material-Methods and First Results,
in: Book of Abstracts of the International Workshop on “The Future of Vultures in Balkans: Tackling Threats and Building Network Opportunities”,
edited by: Tsiakiris, R. and Pergantis, F.,
Messolongi, Greece, 7–9 December 2018, 38, 2019.
Stoev, I., Bonchev, L., Stoynov, E., Kmetova-Biro, E., Ivanov, I., Yankov, L., Iliev, Y., Nikolova, Z., and Vangelova, N.:
Restoration of Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) in eastern Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria,
in: Annuaire de l' Université de Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridski”,
Faculté de Biologie, Presses Universitaires “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, 116–129, 2016.
Stoynov, E., Peshev, H., Grozdanov, A., and Vangelova, N.:
Reintroduction of the Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) in Kresna gorge, south-west Bulgaria in the period 2010–2015,
in: Annuaire de l' Université de Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridski”,
Faculté de Biologie, Presses Universitaires “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, 130–135, 2016.
Stoynov, E., Vangelova, N., Zlatanova, D., Peshev, H., Parvanov, D., Delov, V., and Grozdanov, A.:
Wolf and Vultures Sympatric Presence in Europe: Ecological Benefits and Constraints,
Acta Zool. Bulgar.,
Suppl. 12, 85–92, 2018.
Stoynov, E., Peshev, H., Parvanov, D., and Grozdanov, A.: Breakthrough in Anti-poison Struggle after Introduction of Intensive Satellite Tracking of Griffon Vultures in Balkans, ECOLOGIA BALKANICA, Special Edition, 2, 15–21, 2019.
Terrasse, M., Sarrazin, F., Choisy, J.-P., Clémente, C., Henriquet, S., Lécuyer, P., Pinna, J.-L., and Tessier, C.:
A success story: the reintroduction of Eurasian Griffon Gyps fulvus and Black Aegypius monachus vultures to France,
in: Raptors worldwide: proceedings of the VI World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls,
edited by: Meyburg, B.-U. and Chancellor, R.,
WWGBP and MME, Budapest, Hungary, 18–23 May 2003, 127–145, 2004.
Van Houtan, K. S., Bass Jr., O. L., Lockwood, J., and Pimm, S. L.:
Importance of estimating dispersal for endangered bird management,
Conserv. Lett.,
3, 260–266, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00108.x, 2010.
Van Overveld, T., García-Alfonso, M., Dingemanse, N. J., Bouten, W., Gangoso, L., de la Riva, M., Serrano, D., and Donázar, J. A.:
Food predictability and social status drive individual resource specializations in a territorial vulture,
Sci. Rep.-UK,
8, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33564-y, 2018.
Van Overveld, T., Blanco, G., Moleón, M., Margalida, A., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., de la Riva, M., and Donázar, J. A.: Integrating vulture social behavior into conservation practice, Ornithological Applications, 122, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duaa035, 2020.
Vasilakis, D. P., Whitfield, D. P., Schindler, S., Poirazidis, K. S., and Kati, V.:
Reconciling endangered species conservation with wind farm development: Cinereous vultures in south-eastern Europe,
Biol. Conserv.,
196, 10–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.01.014, 2016.
Velevski, V., Nikolov, S. C., Hallman, B., Dobrev, V., Sidiropoulos, L., Saravia, V., Tsiakiris, R., Arkumarev, V., Galanaki, A., Kominos, T., Stara, K., Kret, E., Grubač, B., Lisičanec, E., Kastritis, T., Vavylis, D., Topi, M., Hoxha, B., and Oppel, S.:
Population decline and range contraction of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in the Balkan Peninsula,
Bird Conserv. Int.,
25, 440–450, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270914000343, 2015.
Whitfield, D. P., Fielding, A. H., MacLeod, D. R. A., and Haworth, P. F.:
The effects of persecution on age of breeding and territory occupation in golden eagles in Scotland,
Biol. Conserv.,
118, 249–259, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.09.003, 2004.
Wilson, A. C. and Stanley Price, M. R.:
Reintroduction as a reason for captive breeding,
in: Creative Conservation,
edited by: Olney, P. J. S., Mace, G. M., and Feistner, A. T. C.,
Springer, Dordrecht, Holland, 243–264, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0721-1_12, 1994.
Wilson, E. E. and Wolkovich, E. M.:
Scavenging: How carnivores and carrion structure communities,
Trends Ecol. Evol.,
26, 129–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.12.011, 2011.
Xirouchakis, S.:
The ecology of the Eurasian Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) on the island of Crete,
PhD thesis, University of Crete, Crete, 412 pp., 2002.
Xirouchakis, S.:
Breeding biology and reproductive performance of Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus on the island of Crete,
Bird Study,
57, 213–225, https://doi.org/10.1080/00063650903505754, 2010.
Xirouchakis, S., Andreou, G., and Arnellos, G.:
The impact of poisoned baits set for vermin on the population of vultures in Crete (Greece). Incidences of secondary poisoning during 1990–1999,
Vulture News,
42, 13–24, 2000.
Short summary
Despite frequent media references about the mass poisoning of vultures, this study shows that small but frequent poisoning events may be even worse. Using both mathematical and computer simulation approaches we show that a chain of small poisoning events is more likely to extirpate a newly established colony than a few massive ones with the same overall mortality. Survival also depends critically on the initial population size. These results are of great relevance for restocking initiatives.
Despite frequent media references about the mass poisoning of vultures, this study shows that...
